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1

“...given me as guide. Data about the vernacular names and the medicinal use of plants were chiefly furnished by Messrs. G. R. van Dussel, Dr. P. de Haseth Möller, F. J. C. Beaujon, J. L. J. C. Cadières, de Wind, A. Hermus, H. J. Cohen Henriquez, Th. van Sadelhoff and P. A. Euwens. Mr. Duyfjes gave me much informations about the geology of the islands. In the elaboration of the collected plants I was helped by Prof. I. Urban who gave a number of indications for forms not directly known to me, while Dr. F. Niedenzu, Dr. L. Radlkofer and Mr. 0. E. Schulz named a number of the Malpighiaceae, Sapindaceae and Solanaceae. Dr. H. Hallier determined by far the greater part of the Convolvulaceae. Prof. W. Trelease determined the Agave species and Dr. A. S. Hitchcock some Gramineae. To the Director of the State Herbarium at Leyden I am indebted for the loan of the plants of the Suringar collection. I have particularly to thank Prof. N. L. Britton who sent me the plants collected by himself in Curasao to...”
2

“...X Preface. an extensive correspondence on forms that were difficult to deter- mine. Thanks to his communications and assistance with the determinations a number of plants have now been named with greater certainty, than would have been possible without his valuable help which was especially necessary with the Cactaceae. This Flora is divided in Three Parts; whereas the different Parts, Sections and Chapters need no further explanation, a short account of the methods I followed in nomenclature, synonymy and distri- bution of plants is given here. The enumeration of Families and Genera is very nearly given after the order of De Dalle Torre et Harms: Genera siphonoga- marum ad systema Englerianum Conscripta (1908). In a few cases I thougt it better to follow: Urban: Symbolae Antillanae and Urban: Additamenta ad Cog- nitionem Florae Indiae Occidentalis 1892—97. The names of the species used are mostly drawn from these two papers and Engler und Prantl.: Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien up to...”
3

“...115 cinal use of many plants in Simon’s bookx) which also gives an extensive list of vernacular and Latin plant names, composed by Dr. N. Anslyn, military physician. That in such a list many inac- curacies in the determinations occur is obvious. I also became aequainted with a publication by Hurtado1 2), who in an appendix gives a survey of the Curasao flora. This appendix contains a very large number of mistakes. It seemed preferable not to quote the plants from the three publications mentioned and to elaborate in this flora only the data from recent collections, found in the Utrecht herbary. 1) G. J. Simons. Beschrijving van het eiland Curapao. Oosterwolde 1868. 2) 0. Hurtado. Compendlo di botanica elemental. Curazao. Benthencourt e Hyos. 1891....”
4

“...of the Botanical Laboratory of het University at Utrecht is a fairly large collection of plants, gathered in Curasao by Aschenberg. I have not succeeded is obtaining nearer infor- mation about it. It will be seen from the Systematical part of this Flora that a great many of the species, found by Suringar and myself, have also been collected by Aschenberg. Collection F. A. F. C. Went. A number of plants has been collected by Prof. Dr. F. A. F. C. Went during his stay in Curasao in 1901. In the Systematical list they are indicated by the name Went. Collection Miss A. Lens. In 1907 Miss Lens collected a number of plants in Curasao; this small collection is conspicuous by its fine specimens, since Miss Lens could take much time in drying them. They are chiefly ruderal plants and mentioned in the list by the name Lens, Collection W. Versluys. In 1907 Mr. W. Versluys, Government Agriculturalist made a collection of plants, indicated in the list as Yersluys. It con- tains especially grasses. Collection...”
5

“...Museum, in the Martius Herbary at Brussels and in the Wildenow Herbary at Berlin a number of plants from Curasao are found. F. Bredemeyer (1758—1839) visited CuraQao about 1787, his col- lections are in the K. K. Hofmuseum at Vienna and in the her- bary of the Botanical Museum at Berlin. J. Read also collected in Curasao; his collections are in the Academy of Nat: Science at Philadelphia; West-Indian plants also in the Krug und Urban Herbary at Berlin. H. F. A. Baron von Eggers visited CuraQao in 1893; it is not known to the present author whether he also collected plants there. It did not seem advisable to spend time on a search for these plants, since in all probability this would not result in any new information. _ (< . ' From N. J. Jacquin, Selectarum stirpium Americanarum historia (1763), appears that at that time some sixteen plants from CuraQao were already known, while also in Linn. Spec. (1753) a number of data about CuraQao plants are spread....”
6

“...places (Boeroe- koe 21 M.) reminds one of the limestone hills on the South coast of Curagao. The Canashito is a more inwardly situated limestone ridge. From the plain of West Aruba rises isolated the conical Hooiberg, 164 M. Also the Seroe Plat, 94 M., is an isolated moun- tain and is surmounted by a caleareous table-land. The diabase hilly complex, extending over a territory, bordered by lines from Matavidiri to Belashi, from there to Boca Prins and then along the North coast to Matavidiri, has a number of high tops, among them Ariekok 175 M. and Jananota 188 M. From these tops the country slowly descends to the South and West and the whole landscape is dominated by cup-shaped hills, separated by gently sloping valleys; in some places we find per- pendicular walls. On the North coast we meet in a few places the same limestone terraces which exist on the West coast of Curagao. Bonaire. The West point of the island lies at ± 68° 12' W. Long, and 12° 14' N. Lat., the most Southern point at ± 68°...”
7

“...Bonaire. Bonaire. Curasao. Curasao. Hoffle abau. Fort Amsterdam Rincon. Kralendijk 58 60 193 114 131 74 89 27 22 93 93 33 64 56 21 28 8 10 2 6 5 14 1 30 40 19 16 10 3 2 2 4 3 3 18 9 13 21 12 53 30 29 18 41 55 45 58 47 41 46 16 57 19 9 3 33 4 48 11 52 16 19 46 14 141 153 63 15 43 125 66 498 325 358 213 233 81 89 113 100 25 144 108 526 359 1196 983 759 671 646 This table shows that the year 1909 was exceptionally favourable for studying the flora, since, owing to the abundant rains, a very large number of plants were found flowering. 1) After: Went, Rapport omtrent den toestand van Land- en Tuinbouw op de Neder- landsehe Antillen 1902 and Meteorologische Waarnemingen in Suriname en Curasao in het jaar 1909....”
8

“...e 11 15 (12) Rubiaceae 13 17 (4) Verbenaceae 11 19 (0) Capparidaceae 9 12 (9). Amarantaceae 9 13 (6) Cactaceae 8 11 (3) Solanaceae 7 23 (2) Nyctaginaceae 6 ,4 (3) From this list and still more from the Systematical Part itself appears how in the three Dutch West Indian Islands many families are only represented by a single genus and often by only one species and that, on the whole, only a few genera occur with a large number of species. The number of species, found on each of the three islands, is given in the following list. Curasao. Aruba. Bonaire. Total. Total number 357 213 239 394 Antilles plants only 40 25 31 44 South Amer. plants only . . . 20 12 14 22 Indigenous 22 14 18 25'...”
9

“...139 Hence the ratios of total number of the three groups are approxi- mately as 360: 220: 250. The present author knows no reason why this should be so; probably there is no connection with the ratio of the surfaces of the islands which is as ± 360:119:153. Taking into consideration all the wild plants, except those which are also found in the Old World and in North and South America, the three Dutch Islands share 106 plants or 25% more with. South than North America and 42 plants or 10% more with Central than North America. . . . .. Comparing these numbers with the corresponding ones for the flora of Portorico!), where they are 15 % and 7 %, we see that the Dutch West Indian Islands contain relatively more Central and South American plants than Portorico, although this island has already a fairly large number of South American plants. What Urban says (p. 681): „dass die Flora von Portorico die st&rksten Beziehungen zu Siid-Amerika aufweist”, holds still more for Curasao, Aruba and Bonaire...”
10

“.... Curasao. Curagao. Curagao. Aruba. Bonaire. Curagao. Aruba. Bonaire. Curagao. Bonaire. Curagao. Curagao. Aruba. Aruba. Bonaire. Curagao. Bonaire. Curagao. Aruba. Aruba. Bonaire. Curagao. Aruba. Curagao. Aruba. Bonaire. Curagao. Curagao. Aruba? Bonaire. Curagao. Bonaire. Curagao. Bonaire. Curagao. Aruba. Bonaire. Curagao. Aruba. Bonaire. Curagao. Aruba. Bonaire. Curagao. Aruba. Bonaire. Curagao. Aruba. Bonaire. Curagao. Bonaire. Curagao. Bonaire. Curagao. Aruba. Bonaire. Only a smal number of these plants give a typical aspect to the vege- tation and occur so abundantly that they are an important factor in imparting to the flora of these islands a character of its own. See on this, point Third Part, Section C. 10...”
11

“...to be expected. The type of vegetation on the Leeward Islands might be generally described as a Croton vegetation, here as on the Windward Islands determined by plants like Croton, Acacia, Lantana, Melochia, Opuntia, Melocactus, to which for the Leeward Islands may be added a number of other plants, as will appear from the further description. On the Leeward still more than on the Windward Islands this type of vegetation cannot be distinctly separated from the litoral vegetation which only near the salt-pans assumes a character of its own by the occurence of Mangrove plants. In many parts of the Islands culture or traces of former culture are found; also ruderal plants are found everywhere, among which a large number of tropical cosmopolitans. A genuine original vegetation is only found in" the higher parts. We saw that in general there is some difference in the vegetation, depending on shrubs or herbs being more prominent; a division according to the occurrence or non-occurrence on calcareous...”
12

“...Aruba and Bonaire. If only a small number of plants is available to settle a vegetation type it will be seen on comparison with the list of the plants that’are only found in the Dutch W.I. Leeward Islands, that among the plants, typical for this purpose, not a single indigenous one occurs. Hence the aspect of the vegetation in the three Islands is riot typically individual by the occurrence of definite indigenous plants but depends on plants that also occur elsewhere. Now leaving aside certain types of the vegetation and looking at it as a whole, we are particularly struck by the Cereus species which ar either indigenous or South American, the Melocacti, which are indigenous and other indigenous plants that predo- minate in certain parts,' the Agaves, Phyllanthus Euwensu, Peltophorum Suringari, Chloris leptantha, Eragrostis Urbamana. Beside this small number of indigenous plants of which the Cactaceae may be said to occur everywhere, we have a large number of Antilles plants, as: CoCcoloba...”
13

“...152 The following graphical representation shows the numbers of different species in relation to their distribution and their share in determining the aspect of the vegetation. The continous line joins the numbers relating to the total number of occurring plants, the dotted one joins the corresponding numbers referring to the numbers of plants, conspicuous in the aspect of the vegetation in the Islands. 170. _ 140.. 110. _ C = 106 100.. D = 80 G =22 h = 7 m...”
14

“...153 Hence: A : a = 3,1 C : c = 4,1 D : d = 5 E : e = 3,7 G : g = 2,4 These equations show as well as the general shape of the curves that: '. if we compare the total number of plants with the number ot those that determine the vegetation, this latter number is relatively smaller with the South American plants than with the indigenous Antilles plants, smaller again with these than with the plants growing in the Antilles and for these again smaller than with the indigenous South American plants. So we conclude that the influence of the South American flora is strongest; we saw (p. 139) that also numerically this influence is stronger on the flora of the Dutch W. I. Islands than on that of Portorico. Still I should conclude from what I have personally seen and from the tables about the distribution of the Antilles plants and of the purely South American ones, that the outward appearance of the vegetation, in spite of the typical Cereus. species which are either indigenous or South American...”
15

“...the three Islands no sharp demarcation lines can he drawn between the various types of vegetation. For this reason I shall not give an enume- ration of the plants, belonging to the different vaguely distin- guished regions, but prefer to describe some twenty-eight spots in various parts of the islands, following entirely the locally col- lected notes. Curasao. The Riff. This extends near Willemstad on the West side along the coast and consists of coral-lime with calcareous sand. It con- tains a number of ruderal and typical litoral plants along the sea-coast; the small lagunes are rich in Laguncularia racemosa, Avicennia nitida and Rhizophora Mangle; Philoxerus vermicularis occurs there as a herb together with Sesuvium portulacastrum; also an occasional Cyperacea and Heliotropium curassavicum. Morinda Royoc as a very low shrub together with Euphorbia thymifolia occurs frequently on the lime grounds, while Conocar- pus erecta forms whole complexes; also Gundlachia corymbosa and Suriana maritima...”
16

“...the much more scantily overgrown parts of Curasao. Beurena succulenta and Acacia tortuosa rise above these shrubs together with Haematoxylon Brasiletto and Machaonia Ottoms; in places where the shrubs are less dense we find the soil pretty thickly covered with Tephrosia cinerea, Heliotropium humile, Sida, Chlons, Mariscus fuligineus, Hyptis pectinata and- Paspalum glabrum, while Ipomoea winds through everywhere. A few Bursera bonairensis and Antirrhoea acutata form again, together with a, large number of Casearia bonairensis and Hae- matoxylon Brasiletto, the higher shrubs or stick out with Hippo-...”
17

“...Acacia villosa, Acacia tortuosa, Phyllanthus Euwensii, Croton flavens, Jatropha urens with its very strong stinging hairs, Capparis cynophallophora, Crescentia Cujete, Malpighia, Machaonia Ottonis and a few Triplaris coriacea form the high thicket of shrubs. Similar to this is The calcareous district near Siberie. It has mainly the same plants, only the following are conspicuous by their large numbers: Rhacoma crossopetalum, Coccoloba diver- sifolia, while in more open parts Heliotropium and a number of grasses coyer the soil. Croton niveus, Malpighia and especially many Cephalocereus lanuginosus are- together with Guaiacum officinale and Condalia Henriquezii the principal plants, while here Metopium Brownei is already one of the tallest trees. The lime district near Savonet. Here the soil is more open in many places, the shrubs are less high, so that Evolvulus, Heliotropium, Croton glandulosus, Sida, and especially Sporobolus argutus are conspicuous; as a lower shrub we see Kramera ixina;...”
18

“...typical Croton vegetation with Croton flavens, Casearia bonairensis, Beureria succulenta, Bursera simaruba, between which also Schoepfia Schreberi, Bumelia obovata, Caesalpinia coriaria, many Pithecolobum platylobum and Mal- pighia, Capparis linearis, Bursera tomentosa, Peltophorum Surin- gari, Tecoma chrysantha, Guaiacum officinale and some, but not many, Acacia tortuosa. In many places the shrub vegetation is little developed and the ground is then covered by herbs and low shrubs of which a number of ruderal plants attract notice, like: Physalis, Spigelia anthelmia, Hyptis pectinata, Commelina virginica, Sida supina, Mitracarpus villosus, Spermacoce tenuior, Turnera pumilea, Elytraria squamosa, Bouteloua aristidoides, Evolvulus alsinoides, Stylosanthes hamata, Pectis. Of the Cactaceae Cereus griseus and Cephalocereus lanuginosus are conspicuous. In the whole hilly complex of Mirlamar and Jamanota Pithecolobium platylobum is very prominent, especially in the flowering season, while also...”
19

“...Curasao, Aruba, Bonaire + Margarita 150 Curasao, Aruba, Bonaire 249 Margarita 440 399 590 These numbers diverge considerably from those given by Johnston (p. 302), namely 400 for Curasao, of which 1Ó0 not on Margarita. From these numbers and more still from the figures of list p. 138, appears that the flora of Margarita is numerically very different from that of the Dutch W. I. Islands. Margarita is much larger than the Dutch Islands. It is not only its size, however, which causes the larger number of species but still more the circumstance that higher mountains occur there, reaching a height of 800 metres. Although Johnston says (p. 301) that his flora probably does not 1) J. R. Johnston: Flora of the Islands of Margarita and Coche. Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University. New Series. No. XXXVII (Printed June 1909)....”
20

“...165 contain more than % of the real number of species, yet it seemed to he desirable to compare this flora more closely with the plants, mentioned in my Systematical part. Johnston’s flora has 157 genera, not including Filices, which are not found on Curasao, Aruba and Bonaire and of these some 70 have no representatives at a higher altitude than 300 metres, while about 80 genera are only found above 300 metres. So, if we compare the floras of the four islands we must not include these genera, occurring above 300 metres. Overagainst these 70 genera of the lower parts which were found by Johnston and not by me, we have also some 70 which are found on Curasao, Aruba and Bonaire but not on Margarita. While the flora of Margarita mainly differs from that of the Dutch -Leeward Islands by the occurrence of a peculiar flora in the higher parts, it appears that of the 36 wild indigenous Antil- les plants which are also found on Margarita, only 8 occur in the Dutch Islands. So we have Dutch Leeward...”